The C-terminal half of Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR3a is sufficient to trigger R3a-mediated hypersensitivity and suppress INF1-induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.
Identifieur interne : 001F58 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001F57; suivant : 001F59The C-terminal half of Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR3a is sufficient to trigger R3a-mediated hypersensitivity and suppress INF1-induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.
Auteurs : Jorunn I B. Bos [États-Unis] ; Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti ; Carolyn Young ; Cahid Cakir ; Edgar Huitema ; Joe Win ; Miles R. Armstrong ; Paul R J. Birch ; Sophien KamounSource :
- The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology [ 0960-7412 ] ; 2006.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Allèles (MeSH), Apoptose (MeSH), Extinction de l'expression des gènes (MeSH), Facteurs de virulence (génétique), Facteurs de virulence (métabolisme), Facteurs de virulence (physiologie), Feuilles de plante (anatomie et histologie), Feuilles de plante (métabolisme), Feuilles de plante (physiologie), Motifs d'acides aminés (MeSH), Phytophthora (génétique), Phytophthora (métabolisme), Phytophthora (pathogénicité), Polymorphisme génétique (MeSH), Protéines (MeSH), Protéines d'algue (antagonistes et inhibiteurs), Protéines d'algue (composition chimique), Protéines d'algue (génétique), Protéines d'algue (physiologie), Protéines du choc thermique HSP90 (génétique), Protéines du choc thermique HSP90 (métabolisme), Protéines végétales (génétique), Protéines végétales (métabolisme), Relation structure-activité (MeSH), Structure tertiaire des protéines (MeSH), Tabac (anatomie et histologie), Tabac (métabolisme), Tabac (physiologie), Transduction du signal (MeSH).
- MESH :
- anatomie et histologie : Feuilles de plante, Tabac.
- antagonistes et inhibiteurs : Protéines d'algue.
- composition chimique : Protéines d'algue.
- génétique : Facteurs de virulence, Phytophthora, Protéines d'algue, Protéines du choc thermique HSP90, Protéines végétales.
- métabolisme : Facteurs de virulence, Feuilles de plante, Phytophthora, Protéines du choc thermique HSP90, Protéines végétales, Tabac.
- pathogénicité : Phytophthora.
- physiologie : Facteurs de virulence, Feuilles de plante, Protéines d'algue, Tabac.
- Allèles, Apoptose, Extinction de l'expression des gènes, Motifs d'acides aminés, Polymorphisme génétique, Protéines, Relation structure-activité, Structure tertiaire des protéines, Transduction du signal.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Algal Proteins (antagonists & inhibitors), Algal Proteins (chemistry), Algal Proteins (genetics), Algal Proteins (physiology), Alleles (MeSH), Amino Acid Motifs (MeSH), Apoptosis (MeSH), Gene Silencing (MeSH), HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins (genetics), HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins (metabolism), Phytophthora (genetics), Phytophthora (metabolism), Phytophthora (pathogenicity), Plant Leaves (anatomy & histology), Plant Leaves (metabolism), Plant Leaves (physiology), Plant Proteins (genetics), Plant Proteins (metabolism), Polymorphism, Genetic (MeSH), Protein Structure, Tertiary (MeSH), Proteins (MeSH), Signal Transduction (MeSH), Structure-Activity Relationship (MeSH), Tobacco (anatomy & histology), Tobacco (metabolism), Tobacco (physiology), Virulence Factors (genetics), Virulence Factors (metabolism), Virulence Factors (physiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , antagonists & inhibitors : Algal Proteins.
- chemical , chemistry : Algal Proteins.
- chemical , genetics : Algal Proteins, HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, Plant Proteins, Virulence Factors.
- chemical , metabolism : HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, Plant Proteins, Virulence Factors.
- chemical , physiology : Algal Proteins, Virulence Factors.
- anatomy & histology : Plant Leaves, Tobacco.
- genetics : Phytophthora.
- metabolism : Phytophthora, Plant Leaves, Tobacco.
- pathogenicity : Phytophthora.
- physiology : Plant Leaves, Tobacco.
- Alleles, Amino Acid Motifs, Apoptosis, Gene Silencing, Polymorphism, Genetic, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Proteins, Signal Transduction, Structure-Activity Relationship.
Abstract
The RXLR cytoplasmic effector AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans confers avirulence on potato plants carrying the R3a gene. Two alleles of Avr3a encode secreted proteins that differ in only three amino acid residues, two of which are in the mature protein. Avirulent isolates carry the Avr3a allele, which encodes AVR3aKI (containing amino acids C19, K80 and I103), whereas virulent isolates express only the virulence allele avr3a, encoding AVR3aEM (S19, E80 and M103). Only the AVR3aKI protein is recognized inside the plant cytoplasm where it triggers R3a-mediated hypersensitivity. Similar to other oomycete avirulence proteins, AVR3aKI carries a signal peptide followed by a conserved motif centered on the consensus RXLR sequence that is functionally similar to a host cell-targeting signal of malaria parasites. The interaction between Avr3a and R3a can be reconstructed by their transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We exploited the N. benthamiana experimental system to further characterize the Avr3a-R3a interaction. R3a activation by AVR3aKI is dependent on the ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1 and heat-shock protein HSP90. The AVR3aKI and AVR3aEM proteins are equally stable in planta, suggesting that the difference in R3a-mediated death cannot be attributed to AVR3aEM protein instability. AVR3aKI is able to suppress cell death induced by the elicitin INF1 of P. infestans, suggesting a possible virulence function for this protein. Structure-function experiments indicated that the 75-amino acid C-terminal half of AVR3aKI, which excludes the RXLR region, is sufficient for avirulence and suppression functions, consistent with the view that the N-terminal region of AVR3aKI and other RXLR effectors is involved in secretion and targeting but is not required for effector activity. We also found that both polymorphic amino acids, K80 and I103, of mature AVR3a contribute to the effector functions.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02866.x
PubMed: 16965554
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Birch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamoun, Sophien" sort="Kamoun, Sophien" uniqKey="Kamoun S" first="Sophien" last="Kamoun">Sophien Kamoun</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology</title><idno type="ISSN">0960-7412</idno><imprint><date when="2006" type="published">2006</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Algal Proteins (antagonists & inhibitors)</term><term>Algal Proteins (chemistry)</term><term>Algal Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Algal Proteins (physiology)</term><term>Alleles (MeSH)</term><term>Amino Acid Motifs (MeSH)</term><term>Apoptosis (MeSH)</term><term>Gene Silencing (MeSH)</term><term>HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins (genetics)</term><term>HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins (metabolism)</term><term>Phytophthora (genetics)</term><term>Phytophthora (metabolism)</term><term>Phytophthora (pathogenicity)</term><term>Plant Leaves (anatomy & histology)</term><term>Plant Leaves (metabolism)</term><term>Plant Leaves (physiology)</term><term>Plant Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Plant Proteins (metabolism)</term><term>Polymorphism, Genetic (MeSH)</term><term>Protein Structure, Tertiary (MeSH)</term><term>Proteins (MeSH)</term><term>Signal Transduction (MeSH)</term><term>Structure-Activity Relationship (MeSH)</term><term>Tobacco (anatomy & histology)</term><term>Tobacco (metabolism)</term><term>Tobacco (physiology)</term><term>Virulence Factors (genetics)</term><term>Virulence Factors (metabolism)</term><term>Virulence Factors (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allèles (MeSH)</term><term>Apoptose (MeSH)</term><term>Extinction de l'expression des gènes (MeSH)</term><term>Facteurs de virulence (génétique)</term><term>Facteurs de virulence (métabolisme)</term><term>Facteurs de virulence (physiologie)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (anatomie et histologie)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (métabolisme)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (physiologie)</term><term>Motifs d'acides aminés (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (génétique)</term><term>Phytophthora (métabolisme)</term><term>Phytophthora (pathogénicité)</term><term>Polymorphisme génétique (MeSH)</term><term>Protéines (MeSH)</term><term>Protéines d'algue (antagonistes et inhibiteurs)</term><term>Protéines d'algue (composition chimique)</term><term>Protéines d'algue (génétique)</term><term>Protéines d'algue (physiologie)</term><term>Protéines du choc thermique HSP90 (génétique)</term><term>Protéines du choc thermique HSP90 (métabolisme)</term><term>Protéines végétales (génétique)</term><term>Protéines végétales (métabolisme)</term><term>Relation structure-activité (MeSH)</term><term>Structure tertiaire des protéines (MeSH)</term><term>Tabac (anatomie et histologie)</term><term>Tabac (métabolisme)</term><term>Tabac (physiologie)</term><term>Transduction du signal (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="antagonists & inhibitors" xml:lang="en"><term>Algal Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Algal Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Algal Proteins</term><term>HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins</term><term>Plant Proteins</term><term>Virulence Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins</term><term>Plant Proteins</term><term>Virulence Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Algal Proteins</term><term>Virulence Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomie et histologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Tabac</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomy & histology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Tobacco</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="antagonistes et inhibiteurs" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines d'algue</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="composition chimique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines d'algue</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs de virulence</term><term>Phytophthora</term><term>Protéines d'algue</term><term>Protéines du choc thermique HSP90</term><term>Protéines végétales</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Phytophthora</term><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Tobacco</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs de virulence</term><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Phytophthora</term><term>Protéines du choc thermique HSP90</term><term>Protéines végétales</term><term>Tabac</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs de virulence</term><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Protéines d'algue</term><term>Tabac</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Tobacco</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Alleles</term><term>Amino Acid Motifs</term><term>Apoptosis</term><term>Gene Silencing</term><term>Polymorphism, Genetic</term><term>Protein Structure, Tertiary</term><term>Proteins</term><term>Signal Transduction</term><term>Structure-Activity Relationship</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allèles</term><term>Apoptose</term><term>Extinction de l'expression des gènes</term><term>Motifs d'acides aminés</term><term>Polymorphisme génétique</term><term>Protéines</term><term>Relation structure-activité</term><term>Structure tertiaire des protéines</term><term>Transduction du signal</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The RXLR cytoplasmic effector AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans confers avirulence on potato plants carrying the R3a gene. Two alleles of Avr3a encode secreted proteins that differ in only three amino acid residues, two of which are in the mature protein. Avirulent isolates carry the Avr3a allele, which encodes AVR3aKI (containing amino acids C19, K80 and I103), whereas virulent isolates express only the virulence allele avr3a, encoding AVR3aEM (S19, E80 and M103). Only the AVR3aKI protein is recognized inside the plant cytoplasm where it triggers R3a-mediated hypersensitivity. Similar to other oomycete avirulence proteins, AVR3aKI carries a signal peptide followed by a conserved motif centered on the consensus RXLR sequence that is functionally similar to a host cell-targeting signal of malaria parasites. The interaction between Avr3a and R3a can be reconstructed by their transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We exploited the N. benthamiana experimental system to further characterize the Avr3a-R3a interaction. R3a activation by AVR3aKI is dependent on the ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1 and heat-shock protein HSP90. The AVR3aKI and AVR3aEM proteins are equally stable in planta, suggesting that the difference in R3a-mediated death cannot be attributed to AVR3aEM protein instability. AVR3aKI is able to suppress cell death induced by the elicitin INF1 of P. infestans, suggesting a possible virulence function for this protein. Structure-function experiments indicated that the 75-amino acid C-terminal half of AVR3aKI, which excludes the RXLR region, is sufficient for avirulence and suppression functions, consistent with the view that the N-terminal region of AVR3aKI and other RXLR effectors is involved in secretion and targeting but is not required for effector activity. We also found that both polymorphic amino acids, K80 and I103, of mature AVR3a contribute to the effector functions.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">16965554</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2006</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>28</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2012</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>15</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0960-7412</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>48</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2006</Year><Month>Oct</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Plant J</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The C-terminal half of Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR3a is sufficient to trigger R3a-mediated hypersensitivity and suppress INF1-induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>165-76</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>The RXLR cytoplasmic effector AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans confers avirulence on potato plants carrying the R3a gene. Two alleles of Avr3a encode secreted proteins that differ in only three amino acid residues, two of which are in the mature protein. Avirulent isolates carry the Avr3a allele, which encodes AVR3aKI (containing amino acids C19, K80 and I103), whereas virulent isolates express only the virulence allele avr3a, encoding AVR3aEM (S19, E80 and M103). Only the AVR3aKI protein is recognized inside the plant cytoplasm where it triggers R3a-mediated hypersensitivity. Similar to other oomycete avirulence proteins, AVR3aKI carries a signal peptide followed by a conserved motif centered on the consensus RXLR sequence that is functionally similar to a host cell-targeting signal of malaria parasites. The interaction between Avr3a and R3a can be reconstructed by their transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We exploited the N. benthamiana experimental system to further characterize the Avr3a-R3a interaction. R3a activation by AVR3aKI is dependent on the ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1 and heat-shock protein HSP90. The AVR3aKI and AVR3aEM proteins are equally stable in planta, suggesting that the difference in R3a-mediated death cannot be attributed to AVR3aEM protein instability. AVR3aKI is able to suppress cell death induced by the elicitin INF1 of P. infestans, suggesting a possible virulence function for this protein. Structure-function experiments indicated that the 75-amino acid C-terminal half of AVR3aKI, which excludes the RXLR region, is sufficient for avirulence and suppression functions, consistent with the view that the N-terminal region of AVR3aKI and other RXLR effectors is involved in secretion and targeting but is not required for effector activity. We also found that both polymorphic amino acids, K80 and I103, of mature AVR3a contribute to the effector functions.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bos</LastName><ForeName>Jorunn I B</ForeName><Initials>JI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kanneganti</LastName><ForeName>Thirumala-Devi</ForeName><Initials>TD</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Young</LastName><ForeName>Carolyn</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cakir</LastName><ForeName>Cahid</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huitema</LastName><ForeName>Edgar</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Win</LastName><ForeName>Joe</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Armstrong</LastName><ForeName>Miles R</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Birch</LastName><ForeName>Paul R J</ForeName><Initials>PR</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kamoun</LastName><ForeName>Sophien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2006</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Plant J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9207397</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0960-7412</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D020418">Algal Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018841">HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010940">Plant Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011506">Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D037521">Virulence Factors</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C085101">elicitin, Phytophthora</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020418" MajorTopicYN="N">Algal Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000037" MajorTopicYN="N">antagonists & inhibitors</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000483" MajorTopicYN="N">Alleles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020816" MajorTopicYN="N">Amino Acid Motifs</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017209" MajorTopicYN="N">Apoptosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020868" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Silencing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018841" MajorTopicYN="N">HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010838" MajorTopicYN="N">Phytophthora</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="Y">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="N">anatomy & histology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010940" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011110" MajorTopicYN="N">Polymorphism, Genetic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017434" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Structure, Tertiary</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011506" MajorTopicYN="N">Proteins</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015398" MajorTopicYN="N">Signal Transduction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013329" MajorTopicYN="N">Structure-Activity Relationship</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014026" MajorTopicYN="N">Tobacco</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="N">anatomy & histology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D037521" MajorTopicYN="N">Virulence Factors</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2006</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2006</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2006</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16965554</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">TPJ2866</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02866.x</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Armstrong, Miles R" sort="Armstrong, Miles R" uniqKey="Armstrong M" first="Miles R" last="Armstrong">Miles R. Armstrong</name><name sortKey="Birch, Paul R J" sort="Birch, Paul R J" uniqKey="Birch P" first="Paul R J" last="Birch">Paul R J. Birch</name><name sortKey="Cakir, Cahid" sort="Cakir, Cahid" uniqKey="Cakir C" first="Cahid" last="Cakir">Cahid Cakir</name><name sortKey="Huitema, Edgar" sort="Huitema, Edgar" uniqKey="Huitema E" first="Edgar" last="Huitema">Edgar Huitema</name><name sortKey="Kamoun, Sophien" sort="Kamoun, Sophien" uniqKey="Kamoun S" first="Sophien" last="Kamoun">Sophien Kamoun</name><name sortKey="Kanneganti, Thirumala Devi" sort="Kanneganti, Thirumala Devi" uniqKey="Kanneganti T" first="Thirumala-Devi" last="Kanneganti">Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti</name><name sortKey="Win, Joe" sort="Win, Joe" uniqKey="Win J" first="Joe" last="Win">Joe Win</name><name sortKey="Young, Carolyn" sort="Young, Carolyn" uniqKey="Young C" first="Carolyn" last="Young">Carolyn Young</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bos, Jorunn I B" sort="Bos, Jorunn I B" uniqKey="Bos J" first="Jorunn I B" last="Bos">Jorunn I B. 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